Returning to eating after surgery is an important part of recovery, but it should be done thoughtfully and according to the instructions of the surgical team. For many

In elective surgery, preoperative fasting is primarily intended to minimize the risk of pulmonary aspiration, a rare but potentially life-threatening complication. Historically, many institutions enforced a “nothing by

The expansion of ambulatory surgery has necessitated increasingly rigorous preoperative risk stratification, particularly in patients with underlying hepatic dysfunction. Liver disease introduces unique perioperative challenges,

Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have become a widely used class of medications for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic

Occult hypotension occurs when a person has inadequate blood pressure or impaired tissue perfusion that is not immediately obvious through standard vital sign measurements. During

Carbon dioxide (CO2) narcosis refers to the depressed level of consciousness resulting from the accumulation of carbon dioxide within the bloodstream.1 The symptoms of elevated

The induction of anesthesia is a critical turning point in the perioperative process. It marks the transition from wakefulness to unconsciousness and is often accompanied

Facilities for surgical procedures differ significantly in their setting, resources, costs, emergent care capabilities, and patient volumes. These differences influence not only where patients receive

In surgical environments, maintaining the right environmental conditions is crucial for both patient safety and procedural success. Among the factors regulated in operating rooms (ORs),

Hydrodissection is a technique used in various medical and surgical procedures to separate tissue planes using a controlled stream of fluid. It involves injecting a

Succinylcholine is a depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent often used for rapid sequence intubation due to its rapid onset and short duration of action. Despite its

Flumazenil, also known by one of its brand names, Romazicon, is a drug that inhibits the activity of a drug class known as benzodiazepines, commonly

The physiological factors that affect an individual’s response to anesthesia are complex and still an area of research. One such factor is the menstrual cycle,

In recent years, significant advances in flu vaccines have been made in response to the virus’s rapid evolution and the urgent need for broader and

Opioids are powerful analgesics that play a crucial role in pain management. However, there are many risks associated with opioids, making it essential for clinicians

It is a common misconception that certain areas of the brain are exclusively responsible for specific functions. In reality, the brain operates as a highly

A Do Not Resuscitate (DNR) order is a legal document in which someone or a proxy (usually a spouse, family member, or lawyer) designated to

Same-day surgery, also known as outpatient or ambulatory surgery, has revolutionized the way many medical procedures are performed today. This approach allows patients to undergo

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) is a common and concerning complication that can affect patients after undergoing surgery. It manifests as a decline in cognitive function,

So far in 2024, 11 hospitals and emergency departments have closed their doors permanently (1). Additionally, in 2023, at least 9 hospitals closed, 42 healthcare

Opioids are a class of medications commonly administered or prescribed for pain management. Although effective at relieving pain, opioids can have significant gastrointestinal (GI) side

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), are invaluable in the management of hypertension, heart failure,

In the realm of anesthesia, the terms “co-load” and “pre-load” refer to two distinct strategies for administering intravenous fluids and medications to patients undergoing surgical

Procedural sedation alleviates the pain and distress that may result from a variety of medical or dental procedures. As the risk of adverse events increases

It is extremely important that anesthetics be stored and transported in a safe and efficient way. Many medications need to be handled in specific environments,

Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) is a common and distressing side effect of anesthesia. The risk of PONV can range from 30% in the general

The development of the human brain, including synaptogenesis and dendritic maturation, hinges on a critical period which is thought to begin during the third trimester

A common problem faced by scientists and clinicians in the analysis of data is in the interpretation of how impactful a measured difference is, which

Undergoing general anesthesia for a surgical procedure can be both physically and mentally taxing. While the procedure itself and the beginning of recovery happens at